Adult Education Essay
For many years there has been much debate about what, if anything, sets adult education apart from other fields of study or disciplines. According to Davenport and Davenport (1985), the identification of what is unique about adult learning (in contrast to child or youth learning) has been a long-standing effort in adult education. They reasoned that if this difference could be identified, then the research territory of adult education could be based on these theoretical distinctions. Knowles (1980) suggests that a contributing factor to the confusion is that adult education can be defined in three different ways: (a) as a process; (b) as a set of organized activities carried on by a wide variety of institutions for the accomplishment of specific educational objectives; and (c) as an idea of a field of social practice involving individuals, institutions and associations “working toward common goals of improving the methods and materials of adult learning, extending the opportunities for adults to learn, and advancing the general level of our culture” (p. 25). After much criticism and debate over Knowles original definition of andragogy, he has asserted in his later writings that the differences between pedagogy and andragogy are perhaps not absolute but instead opposite ends of a continuum (as cited in Smith, 2002).
This paper will argue that intentional learning is the essential ingredient that sets adult education apart from other fields of study and specifically of other types of education and learning. The first section of this paper will define intentional learning and describe the factors that explain how this type of learning differentiates adult education, sometimes referred to as andragogy, from other disciplines, and specifically from pedagogy. The second section will address the critiques of this argument in the literature and a response to those critiques. Finally, a discussion of what is at stake in choosing this essential ingredient will be
This paper will argue that intentional learning is the essential ingredient that sets adult education apart from other fields of study and specifically of other types of education and learning. The first section of this paper will define intentional learning and describe the factors that explain how this type of learning differentiates adult education, sometimes referred to as andragogy, from other disciplines, and specifically from pedagogy. The second section will address the critiques of this argument in the literature and a response to those critiques. Finally, a discussion of what is at stake in choosing this essential ingredient will be
References: Bereiter, C., & Scardamalia, M. (1989). Intentional learning as a goal of instruction. In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), Knowing, learning and instruction: Essays in honour of Robert Glaser, (pp. 361-392). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Davenport, J., & Davenport, J. A. (1985). A chronology and analysis of the andragogy debate Draper. J. (2001). The metamorphoses of andragogy. In D. Poonwassie & A. Poonwassie (Eds.), Fundamentals of Adult Education: Issues and practices for lifelong learning (pp. 14-30). Toronto: Thompson Publishers Edwards, R Hiemstra, R., & Sisco, B. (1990). Individualizing instruction. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Knowles, M Livingstone, D.W. (2001). Adults’ informal learning: definitions, findings, gaps and future research. WALL Working Paper, No. 21.University of Toronto. M. Martinez, "Executive Summary of the Learning Orientation Research" (1998), Expert Learning Communities Research Program, Instructional Psychology and Technology Department, College of Education, Brigham Young University. Palincsar, A. S. (1990). Providing the context for intentional learning. Remedial and Special Education, 11, p. 36-39. Polson, C. J. (1993, September). Teaching adult students (Idea Paper No. 29). Reischmann, J. (2005). Andragogy. In L. English (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Adult Education (pp.58-63). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Rubenson, K Smith, M. (2002). ‘malcolm knowles, informal adult education, self-direction and andragogy’, the encyclopedia of informal education, http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-knowl.htm Trueman, M