Pakistan.” The Bureau of Investigative Journalism. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism. Web. 3 Dec. 2012. 26 Mar. 2013.…
9. Spalding, A.B. (2011). Four unchartered corners of anti-corruption law: In search of remedies to the sanctioning effect. Retrieved November 5, 2012 from http://www.law.northwestern.edu/colloquium/international/documents/SpaldingUnchartered.pdf…
Many authors tried to understand the subject of corruption and its causes. Among them, the government weaknesses or shortcoming may lead to higher corruption since companies are not afraid of being apprehended (David Conklin, 2009). Besides, government officials with low wages and low educational levels will be more likely to accept illegal payments to survive but also because they do not realize the consequences for the nation’s economic development (David Conklin, 2009). Other reasons are given by the author like the widespread poverty, the possession of major reserves of natural resources, as being likely to influence positively the corruption. On top of that, the current literature identified a linear relationship between corruption and government regulations (Naved Ahmad, 2002) and it seems that higher degree of government regulations leads to higher levels of corruption. This is easily understandable. The more the companies need the intervention of the government to run a business (licenses and permits, control over procurement, contracts,…
The domestic challenges facing China during the next few decades are enormous. China faces serious corruption, increasing mass unrest, enlarged polarization in the personal and regional income distribution, increased unemployment and insufficient social safety net, shortages of energy and key resources for economic modernization, massive migrations from rural areas to urban areas, extensive bad debt held by state banks and deep problems in the financial sector, excessive public debt, environmental deterioration, etc. All these problems and obstacles could lead to political instability and disrupt economic growth.…
1 I am grateful to my supervisor Professor Marika Vicziany for her advice in preparing this paper. All remaining errors are mine…
While corruption is said to generate inefficiency and retard growth in a country (Ackerman, 1997), China manages to deliver astronomical economic growth amidst rampant corruption (Li, Peng, 2001). To explain China’s puzzle, the essay first focuses on the causes of corruption and why it has yet to be eradicated, and then analyzes its economic impact in the short and long run.…
At the time of Independence, the State of Pakistan was composed of two wings, namely West and East Pakistan, separated by more than 1200 miles of Indian territory. Although the two wings were linked by religion, they differed strongly from an ethnic and linguistic point of view. Whereas East Pakistan was constituted of a homogeneous Bengali-speaking population, West Pakistan was divided between Punjabis, Pathans, Sindhis and Baluchis. Moreover, Bengalis formed the majority of the population, around 56%, all of them concentrated in East Pakistan. The Pakistani federal system was excessively centralized to the detriment of the provinces. Economic and political power was concentrated in the hands of a tiny elite from West Pakistan. Bengalis were hardly represented in the army and the bureaucracy. All the natural resources located in East Pakistan, such as jute for example, were exploited by the western wing and the wealth hence created was not redistributed to the eastern wing. The situation was felt by East Pakistanis as a form of internal colonization. In East Pakistan, it soon propelled a demand for more provincial autonomy which initially crystallized, around 1952, on the question of language, particularly the status of Bengali, which, despite being the most spoken language in the country, was not recognized as a national language besides Urdu.…
* Article “Corruption in Pakistan Railways” published in Pukhtoonistan Gazette on Friday, 26 November, 2010…
Pakistan founded in 1947 with the historical traditions of a free and competitive private sector. At the time of partition the public sector consisted only of the railways, telephone and telegraph department, the post offices, the Karachi port, radio Pakistan and some coal and salt mines.…
Corruption is prevalent in the Philippines. It is even something that sticks to the idea of the Philippine “Government”. According to Transparency International in their 2013 Corruption Perception Index, the Philippines ranked 94th of the 177 countries in the survey. But knowing there are 83 more countries which are said to be more corrupt than us in the said survey, it still could not lighten the fact that our government is indeed corrupt, and that the people of the Philippines are still the ones who suffer from this dishonest practice and abuse of power. Let us cite and talk about the extent and some types of coruption discussed by the Anti-Corruption Resource Center online, in their paper “Overview of Corruption and Anti-Corruption in the Philippines”, which listed;…
Pakistan was founded on 14 August, 1947 along with India when the two nations achieved independence from the British Colonial Empire. The partition of the sub continent had occurred along ethnic-religious lines with Pakistan created in those adjoining territories that had majority Muslim populations. Thus the country of Pakistan with seventy million people had above 90% Muslim population. On the other hand, India had a majority Hindu population but Muslims were also a sizeable second minority group comprising 15% of the Indian population. The regions comprising Pakistan included the provinces of Sind, Punjab, Balochistan and Northwest Frontier Province on the western side of India and the province of East Bengal in the east of India. The two wings of eastern and western Pakistan were separated by a thousand miles of Indian territories. India inherited most of the infrastructure from the colonial establishment and Pakistan received some share out of assets. However, the regions comprising the land of Pakistan were less developed as compared to India and the administrative infrastructure was also limited. Both countries gained some military assets left over after the end of the World War Two. The main challenges that Pakistan faced at the time of its independence were related to its security fears, lack of infrastructure in the country and limited financial resources. The creation of two separate states and the division of the countries over ethno-religious lines had create a large migration across the two countries accompanied by ethnic cleansing, rioting and looting. The partition of the sub continent had been a contentious debacle and India and Pakistan had disputed division of assets as well as territories of the two countries. The state of Kashmir was a major cause of dispute as both India and Pakistan made claims for the state. The dispute led to a limited war in 1948 that resulted in one third of the Kashmir state occupied by Pakistan and the…
“Dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery” (Oxforddictionaries.com) is one out of the many definitions that define corruption. Corruption is something that takes place almost every day anywhere around the world, but nothing surpasses the level corruption that has been taking place over decades in Egypt. Corruption in Egypt has reached a point were as locals of the country define corruption “Egypt”. This crime against the county has been taking place over two decades and a half, the period of the old regime which was ex President Mubarak’s reined up and until today. It wasn’t until Mubarak’s regime that corruption has reached an all time high. In 2010, Transparency International assed the level of perceived corruption in Egypt from business people and country analysts, to have given Egypt a CPI (Corruption Perception Index) of 3.1, on scale 10 being a very clean society with almost no corruption, which in the authors opinion will never exist, and 0 being a highly corrupted country (TransparencyInternational, 2010). Corruption in Egypt is found everywhere from public and governmental sectors and illegal and negative actions that create corruption involve: health, education, unemployment, culture, media and bribery, business corruption, financial distribution issues, and many more, all the way to people’s or citizen’s mindsets. The social classes that mostly feel and witness the effects of the extreme cases of corruption in Egypt are the low class society or the poor that live under the poverty line.…
Corruption is a very interesting topic when studying about China. It is like a label of this nation. When you talk about China, you will associate it with corruption. It is also like an open secret and hidden rule. Missing this part, your study of China will not be completed. Almost everyone in China has their individual thoughts about corruption, because they all either a lot or a little involve in the corruption case. Sometimes, even a primary school student will think that they should send some nice gifts to their teachers on the Chinese Teacher’s Day. It is like a culture in China. People are used to it. However, when it gets to a point which is unfair to the people, they will try to fight back. Therefore, the laws of corruption are created.…
When sub-continent divided, the country industry and trade were largely under the influence of Hindus, who at the time of division migrated towards Indian territory and they also took the technology with them. That is how Pakistan survived; under such drastic conditions the development was difficult.…
Corruption has been described “as the abuse of public office for private gain.” This refers to a gain of any sort such as a gain in finance, in status- by an individual or a group. It includes bribery, patronage, nepotism, embezzlement etc……