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Carbohydrates & Glycobiology
Dr. Jeelan Moghraby
B.Sc., D.Phil
Assistant Professor
Email: moghrabyj@ksau-hs.edu.sa
Lecture 13 & 14
BIOC211
2013
Objectives
Describe the structure of carbohydrates
Classify the types of carbohydrates
Recognise different types of glycoconjugates and their role
Dr. Jeelan Moghraby
Introduction
Carbohydrates
Most abundant organic molecule in nature
Empirical formula (CH2O)n
Originally produced from CO2 and H2O during photosynthesis Sugars and polymers of sugars; range of size
Dr. Jeelan Moghraby
Extensive roles of carbohydrates:
–
–
–
–
Energy source
Energy storage
Structural components
Cellular recognition
Found linked to proteins and lipids; key roles in mediation interactions
Dr. Jeelan Moghraby
Carbohydrate Structure
Monosaccharide
Simplest carbohydrate
Classified after the number of carbon atoms
Common
Monosaccharides
Trioses
Glyceraldyhyde, dihydroxyacetone Pentoses
Ribose, ribulose
Hexoses
Glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose Dr. Jeelan Moghraby
Termed according to location of oxidized functional group; aldose if aldehyde, and ketose if ketone
Ketose named after the equivalent aldose; with addition of ‘ul’
Dr. Jeelan Moghraby
Monosaccharides are Chiral
Stereoisomers around asymmetric carbon
Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each other; D- and L-isomers
Most carbohydrates are in the D-form
Dr. Jeelan Moghraby
Monosaccharides with multiple asymmetric carbons can also exist as diastereoisomers; not mirror images of each other
Number of possible steroisomers = 2n (n = number of chiral C)
Diasteroisomers have different physical properties
D- and L-configuration based on asymmetric carbon furthest from aldehyde or ketone group
One less chiral centre than aldoses
Dr. Jeelan Moghraby
D-Aldoses containing 3-6 Carbon
Dr. Jeelan Moghraby
B.Sc., D.Phil
Assistant Professor
Email: moghrabyj@ksau-hs.edu.sa
Lecture 13 & 14
BIOC211
2013
Objectives
Describe the structure of carbohydrates
Classify the types of carbohydrates
Recognise different types of glycoconjugates and their role
Dr. Jeelan Moghraby
Introduction
Carbohydrates
Most abundant organic molecule in nature
Empirical formula (CH2O)n
Originally produced from CO2 and H2O during photosynthesis Sugars and polymers of sugars; range of size
Dr. Jeelan Moghraby
Extensive roles of carbohydrates:
–
–
–
–
Energy source
Energy storage
Structural components
Cellular recognition
Found linked to proteins and lipids; key roles in mediation interactions
Dr. Jeelan Moghraby
Carbohydrate Structure
Monosaccharide
Simplest carbohydrate
Classified after the number of carbon atoms
Common
Monosaccharides
Trioses
Glyceraldyhyde, dihydroxyacetone Pentoses
Ribose, ribulose
Hexoses
Glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose Dr. Jeelan Moghraby
Termed according to location of oxidized functional group; aldose if aldehyde, and ketose if ketone
Ketose named after the equivalent aldose; with addition of ‘ul’
Dr. Jeelan Moghraby
Monosaccharides are Chiral
Stereoisomers around asymmetric carbon
Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each other; D- and L-isomers
Most carbohydrates are in the D-form
Dr. Jeelan Moghraby
Monosaccharides with multiple asymmetric carbons can also exist as diastereoisomers; not mirror images of each other
Number of possible steroisomers = 2n (n = number of chiral C)
Diasteroisomers have different physical properties
D- and L-configuration based on asymmetric carbon furthest from aldehyde or ketone group
One less chiral centre than aldoses
Dr. Jeelan Moghraby
D-Aldoses containing 3-6 Carbon