Pathophysiology of COPD
This assignment will explain the pathophysiology of the disease process chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It will examine how this disease affects an individual looking at the biological, psychological and social aspects. It will accomplish this by referring to a patient who was admitted to a medical ward with an exacerbation of COPD. Furthermore with assistance of Gibbs model of reflection (as cited in Bulman & Schutz, 2004) it will demonstrate how an experience altered an attitude. In accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council, (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (NMC, 2005) regarding safeguarding patient information no names or places will be divulged. Therefore throughout the assignment the patient will be referred to as John. John is a 57 year old gentleman who has been married to Mavis for two years. John was admitted to the ward with severe breathlessness cough and excessive sputum production. By looking through John's notes it was discovered this was an exacerbation of COPD.
To understand John's condition it is useful to look at how the normal respiratory system works. The function of the respiratory System is to supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide (Marieb, 2004). According to Waugh and Grant (2004) it also helps maintain body temperature and eliminate excess water from the body. The Respiratory system consists of the mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs (Seeley, Stephens & Tate, 2000). Air enters through either the mouth or nose which humidifies and cleans the air. (Cohen & Wood, 2000) merging into a common chamber called the oropharynx (Watson, 2000). Air then leaves to the pharynx, a short, funnel-shaped tube that transports air to the larynx (Waugh & Grant, 2004). The air enters the larynx which is lined with mucous membrane and proceeds to the trachea, which is formed of semi-circular cartilage rings. The inner membrane of the trachea contains hair cells and mucous cells which trap
To understand John's condition it is useful to look at how the normal respiratory system works. The function of the respiratory System is to supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide (Marieb, 2004). According to Waugh and Grant (2004) it also helps maintain body temperature and eliminate excess water from the body. The Respiratory system consists of the mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs (Seeley, Stephens & Tate, 2000). Air enters through either the mouth or nose which humidifies and cleans the air. (Cohen & Wood, 2000) merging into a common chamber called the oropharynx (Watson, 2000). Air then leaves to the pharynx, a short, funnel-shaped tube that transports air to the larynx (Waugh & Grant, 2004). The air enters the larynx which is lined with mucous membrane and proceeds to the trachea, which is formed of semi-circular cartilage rings. The inner membrane of the trachea contains hair cells and mucous cells which trap
References: lexander, M. F., Fawcett, J. M., & Runciman, P. J. (Eds.). (2004). Nursing practice hospital and home - The adult (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Adriaanse, H., Van Reek, J., Zandbelt, L., & Evers, G. (1991). Nurses ' smoking worldwide. A review of 73 surveys on nurses ' tobacco consumption in 21 countries in the period 1959-1988. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 28, 361-375. Booker, R. (2005). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and nice guidelines. Nursing standard, 19(22). British Lung Foundation (2005). COPD. Retrieved March 14, 2006, from http://www.lunguk.org/copd.aspBritish Thoracic Society (1997). BTS guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax, 52(5). Bulman, C., & Scultz, S. (2004). Reflective practice in nursing (3rd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. Clancy, J., & McVicar, A. (2001). Physiology and anatomy: a homeostatic approach (2nd ed.). London: Arnold. Cohen, B. J., & Wood, D. L. (2000). Memmler 's the human body in health and disease (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. D 'hulst, A., Maes, T., Bracke, K., Demedts, L Tournoy, K., Joos G., & Brusselle G. (2005). Cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema in scid-mice is the acquired immune system required?. Respiratory Research, 6(147). Dore, K., & Hoey, J. (1998). Smoking practices, knowledge and attitudes regarding smoking of university hospital nurses. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 4(79). Emery, E. F., Leatherman, N. E., Burke, E. J., & MacIntyre, N. R. (1991). Psychological outcomes of a pulmonary rehabilitation program. American college of chest physicians, 42(7). Engstrom, C., Persson, L., Larsson, S., Ryden, A., & Sullivan, M. (1996). Functional status and well being in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with regard to clinical parameters and smoking: a descriptive and comparative study. Thorax, 51(30). Gosselink, R. (2003). Controlled breathing and dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of rehabilitation research and development, 40(5). Jeffery, P. K. (2001). Remodeling in asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , 164(28). Kanner, R. (1996). Early intervention in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review of the lung health study results. Medical Clinics of North America, 80(4). Kunik, M., & Densmore, D. (2002). Depression and COPD. Geriatrics, 7(4). Kunik, M., Roundy, K., Veazey, C., Souchek, J., Richardson, P., Wray, N., & Stanley, M. (2005). Surprisingly high prevalence of anxiety and depression in chronic breathing disorders. American college of chest physicians, 127(4). Mahler, D. A. (1998). Pulmonary rehabilitation. Chest , 113(26). Mannino, D. M. (2003). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: definition and epidemiology. Respiratory care journal, 48(12). Marieb, E. (2004). Human anatomy & physiology. San Francisco: Pearson Education. Martini, F. (2000). Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. McBride, P. E. (1992). The health consequences of smoking. Cardiovascular diseases. Medical Clinics of North America, 76(2). Nardini, S., Bertoletti , R., Rastelli, V., & Ravelli, L., & Donner, C. (1998). Personal smoking habit and attitude toward smoking among the health staff of a general hospital. Monaldi Archive for Chest disease, 53(1). Nursing & Midwifery council. (2004). Code of professional conduct. London: Nursing & Midwifery council. Ohri, C., & Steiner, M. (2004). COPD: the disease and non drug treatment. Hospital pharmacist, 11. Osman, L. M., & Hyland, M. E. (2005). Patient needs and medication styles in COPD. The European Respiratory Society, 14(7). Seeley, R.R., Stephens, T. D., & Tate, P. (2000). Anatomy and physiology (5th ed.). USA: McGraw- Hill higher education. Sandford, A. J., Weir, T. D., & Pare, P. D. (1997). Genetic risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Respiratory Journal , 10(42). Shaw, L. (2005). Anatomy and physiology. Cheltenham: Nelson ThornesSinger, H., Ruchinskas , R., Riley, K., Broshek, D., & Barth, J. (2001). The psychological impact of end-stage lung disease. American college of chest physicians, 120(4). Strassels, S. A., Smith, D. H., Sullivan, S. D., & Mahajan, P. (1987). The costs of treating COPD in the United States. American college of chest physicians, 119(9). Tamir, E. (2002). The human body made simple : a guide to anatomy, physiology, and disease. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Taylor, S., & Field, D. (Eds.). (1993). Sociology of health and health care: an introduction for nurses (3rd ed.). London: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Tinkelman, O., & Corsello, P. (2003). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the impact occurs earlier than we think. American Journal of Managed Care, 9(6). Tortora, G. J., & Grabowski, S. R. (2003). Principals of anatomy and physiology. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers. Turner, A., Foster, M., & Johnson, S. E. (2005). The practice of occupational therapy: an introduction to the treatment of physical dysfunction (5th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. Trombly, C. A., & RadomskI, M. V. (Eds.). (2000). Occupational therapy for physical dysfunction . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Van der Schans , C. P., Postma, D. S., Koeter, G. H., & Rubin, B. K. (1999). Physiotherapy and bronchial mucus transport. European Respiratory Journal, 13(8). Verra, F., Escudier, E., Lebargy, F., Bernaudin, J. F., De Cremoux, H., & Bignon. J. (1995). Ciliary abnormalities in bronchial epithelium of smokers, ex- smokers, and nonsmokers. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, 151. Watson , R. (2000). Anatomy and physiology for nurses . Edinburgh: Bailliere Tindall. Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2004). Ross and Wilson anatomy and physiology in health and health care. (9th ed.). Edinburgh; New York: Churchill Livingstone. Webb, R., & Tossell, D. (1999). Social Issues for Carers: Towards Positive Practice (2nd ed.). London: Arnold. Young, P. (1995). Mastering social welfare (3rd ed.). London: Macmillan Press.