task 1Describe the characteristics of nutrients and their benefits to the body

Carbohydrates
There are four different types of carbohydrates which are saccharides, starch, NSP’s and sugar substitute. Saccharides
Saccharides are soluble in water.
A simple sugar is monosaccharide which is easily absorbed by the body.
The type of saccharides sugars are fructose, glucose and lactose.
No more than 11% of an adult’s sugar should be sugar Food sources that saccharides can be found white bread energy drink biscuits chocolate sweets Starch
Starches are polysaccharides; this means many molecules of glucose are linked together.
The properties of starch are very different from that of glucose
Starches are not water soluble and they require being chemically altered to allow them to be digested.
Food sources that starch can be found
Pasta
Rice
Potatoes
Couscous
Good cereals
NSP’s
It is also known as dietary fibre.
These include substances such as fibre.
Some of these are insoluble and cannot be broken down by digestion.
They pass through the body chemically unchanged
Food sources that NSP’s can be found
Brown bread
Vegetable stalks
Sweet corn
Beans
Peas
Apricots
Bran products

Sugar substitute
Artificial sweeteners allow food to be sweetened without the use of sugar.
Saccharin was the first sweetener developed in 1879.
Aspartame replaces the sugar in fizzy drinks.
Sorbitol is used to produce sugar free food.
Food sources that sugar substitute can be found.
Acesulfame potassium
Aspartame
Neotame
Saccharin
Sucralose
Ways that Carbohydrate benefit to the body
Carbohydrates provide the main source of energy.
Some forms of carbohydrates reduce cholesterol which is beneficial to health.
Starch is digested and stored as glycogen.
Carbohydrates protect the muscle tissue by using the glucose and glycogen.
Carbohydrates are good for digestion by helping to move the food quickly through the digestive system.

Protein
Builds and maintain and repairs the body and its structure.
Some of the hormones are made of proteins such as insulin and antibodies. Polypeptides
Proteins are formed when amino acids join together in chains known as the polypeptides.
They are linked by peptide covalent bonds.
There are 20 different amino acids which form the polypeptides. Food sources that Protein can be found
Meat
Eggs
Fish
Cheese
Lentils/ pulses
Soya products
Peas
Nuts
Chicken.

Ways that Protein benefits the body

Protein helps to fight illness healthy immune system.
Protein is useful for the growth and repair of the body and muscles.
Protein helps to maintain a healthy immune system.

Fats Saturated Fat
The average man should eat no more than 30g of saturated fat a day.
The average woman should eat no more than 20g of saturated fat a day.
Solid at room temperature.
Bonded to as many hydrogen’s as possible
Raises levels of cholesterol.

Foods high in saturated fat include: fatty cuts of meat meat products, including sausages and pies butter, ghee and lard cheese, especially hard cheese cream, soured cream and ice cream some savoury snacks and chocolate confectionery biscuits, cakes and pastries

Unsaturated fats
Eating unsaturated fats instead of saturated can help lower blood cholesterol.
Usually liquid at room temperature.
Usually found in vegetable sources as well as in some seafood.
There is one or more double bond in the fatty acid chain.
Antioxidants can protect unsaturated fat from lipid per oxidation

Foods high in unsaturated fat include: oily fish such as salmon, sardines and mackerel nuts and seeds sunflower and olive oils

Trans fat
Hydrogenation- unsaturated fat gets partly saturated with hydrogen.
Bonds change position.
Trans fats occur naturally.
Purpose is to make liquid into a solid.
Food sources that Trans fat can be found.
Beef
Butter
Milk
Margarine
Deep fried foods.

Ways that fat benefit your body

Fat keeps your body warm.
Fat provides energy to your body.
We need some fat in our diet because it helps the body absorb certain nutrients.
Fat provides essential fatty acids that the body can’t make itself.

Vitamins
Vitamins and minerals are essential nutrients your body needs in small amounts to work properly.
Fat-soluble vitamins are found mainly in fatty foods such as animal fats, including butter and lard, vegetable oils, dairy foods, liver and oily fish.
Water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body, so you need to have them more frequently.
Water-soluble vitamins are found in fruit, vegetables and grains.

Name functions Food sources
Vitamin A
(fat-soluble)
strengthening immunity against infections helping vision in dim light keeping skin and the linings of some parts of the body, such as the nose, healthy

cheese eggs fortified low-fat spreads yoghurt liver pâté Vitamin B
(Water-soluble)
working with other B-group vitamins to help break down and release energy from food keeping nerves and muscle tissue healthy

vegetables peas fresh and dried fruit eggs wholegrain breads some fortified breakfast cereals liver Vitamin C
(water-soluble
helps protect cells and keeps them healthy is necessary for the maintenance of healthy connective tissue, which gives support and structure for other tissue and organs helps wound healing

oranges and orange juice red and green peppers strawberries blackcurrants broccoli Brussels sprouts potatoes Vitamin D
(fat-soluble)
Helps regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body.
These nutrients are needed to keep bones and teeth healthy.

oily fish, such as salmon, sardines and mackerel eggs fortified fat spreads fortified breakfast cereals powdered milk

Vitamin E
(fat-soluble)
Helps maintain cell structure by protecting cell membranes.

plant oils
Corn
nuts and seeds wheat germ, found in cereals and cereal products soya Vitamin K
(Fat-soluble)
It is needed for blood clotting, which means it helps wounds heal properly.
Vitamin K is also needed to help build strong bones. green leafy vegetables, such as broccoli and spinach vegetable oils cereals Minerals

Required for chemical processes building strong bones and teeth controlling body fluids inside and outside cells
Mineral
Function
Food sources
Chloride
Stored in the body.
Chloride is needed to keep the proper balance of the body.
It’s an essential part of the digestive liquids
Table salt
Sea salt
Vegetables
Seaweed
Rye
Tomatoes olives Magnesium

Helps to maintain nerve and muscle function.
Helps to support a healthy immune system.
Magnesium is stored in bones and soft tissue.
Fruits
Vegetables
Nuts
Peas
Soya products.
Calcium
Stored in the body.
Help build strong bones and teeth regulating muscle contraction ensuring blood diets are normal.
Milk
Cheese
Soya beans
Tofu

Potassium
Potassium is essential for maintains power fluid balance, nerve impulses function, muscle function and cardiac function.
Potassium is mainly stored in body cells. however the body only stores the amount needed to function properly
Banana
Prunes
Soya beans
Sweet potato
Winter squash sodium The body needs small amount of sodium to maintain normal blood pressure and normal functions of muscle and nerves.
Sodium can be found in the blood and stored in the bones.
Salt
Baking soda
Meat
Fish
Olive
Pickled foods
Phosphorous
helps the formation of the bones and teeth helps the body make ATP for energy
Needed for the body to make protein for growth and repair.
Meat
Eggs
Fish
Cheese
Lentils/ pulses
Soya products
Peas
Nuts
Chicken.

turning the food you eat into energy

In this report the two population groups that I have chosen are the childhood and adult hood. In this report I will be discussing the similarities and differences that these two population group have. The similarities between children and adults they both need a good balanced diet for their body to function properly. For these two different population groups it is very important that their body receives the right amount of nutrition that their body needs to function properly.
The first population group that I am going to discuss is childhood. Childhood is one of the most crucial stages for growth and development in every way. It is very important for children to have a well balanced diet to aid their development. It is important that their body receives enough nutrients and energy that their body requires to function properly. Child hood is the stage where children are very active and their body will require more energy than any other stage in their life. This is because the children are usually more active as well as developing.
Functions of nutrients in childhood.
In childhood Carbohydrates provide the energy that is needed for the children 's metabolism. In childhood carbohydrate supports growth and development, helps keep the children’s brain and nervous system working and also carbohydrate maintains overall health in children. Children need carbohydrates to make energy that is required by their growth, development and activities. This is the age group that children need the most energy in their life time, this is because they are at their peak level of their growth and development. Also the children are constantly active at this time especially because they begin to join school and their play becomes more active so they need more energy than any other population groups. Essential fatty acids are critical to developing and maintaining the brain. Fats are useful in building cell membrane and hormone production. It is important that the children’s diet contain essential fatty acids because it can help with the development as well as provide energy for the body to fuel. Kids’ health suggests that children need fat in their diet for their brain and nervous system to develop properly. (Kids health; 24/11/14) also fat helps the body to absorb some vitamins and minerals. Also fat is a type of fuel for the children’s body like the carbohydrates which provides them with energy. A child needs protein for growth and repair of the cells. Protein helps to replace cells that have died out in the body. Also protein helps to build muscle organs and glands. Protein is important for the correct development of the child’s body. It also helps with absorbing vitamins and minerals that the child receives from their diet. Without protein the children won’t be able to heal any wounds or replace any dead cells in the body.
Vitamins and minerals are also important for the growth and developments of children. This is because for children vitamins can be stored in the body and used again when their body requires them as energy. All the different vitamins and minerals have a vital role to play in the children’s growth and development. For example different vitamins and minerals have different roles to play like vitamin A helps with eyesight.
In adulthood you need carbohydrates for energy in your everyday life. This is because adults use energy to work and to do everyday activities. Adults need to control their intake of carbohydrates according to their lifestyle and job. This is because adults stopped developing at this stage of their life so they only need the intake of energy for their everyday life. If they intake too much of carbohydrate then the body will store it as fat to use when the body runs low of energy.
Adults need a guided amount of fat in their diet depending on their lifestyle because too much fat can cause obesity, heart disease. This will mean that their health will suffer because of their life style choice. Although fat can be bad, adults body will need some amount of fat to function properly. This is because some fats are useful for the body because they are used to absorb the vitamins and minerals that the adults are receiving from their diet. Adults need to watch their intake because of the higher level of cholesterol.
Adults need the protein for growth and repair of their body. Th.is is because adults need to replace the dead cells with new cells and also repair any damage done to their body quickly. For example if there is a cut the protein will help heal the cut by forming new cells where the skin was torn. They also need vitamins and minerals for their body to function properly. They need the vitamins and minerals for all the different functions of the body. For example adults need a lot of vitamin A because without vitamin A their eyesight will be poor.
The similarities between children and adults are that they both require carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins and minerals because these are vital building blocks of life. Everybody needs different amounts of these nutrients according to their needs. The one similarity that I have notices is that both of these population groups needs carbohydrates in their diet for their body to have some energy to function properly. Another thing that I noticed is that both of these population groups need only small amount of fat. This is due to the fact that their body only needs the small amount of fat to function in these two population groups. The reason for this is that fat is stored in the body if the body receives too much; the body stores the fat for future use. Both of these population groups require vitamins and minerals equally but in different amounts according to their body’s needs. Vitamins are used for growth and repair, so it’s not possible for any of the population groups to go without vitamins as they are require for functioning of the body properly.
The difference between the two population groups that I have discussed is that they both need all the nutrients at different quantities. Also the nutrient requirements will vary from person to person depending on their needs. From the two population groups children require the most carbohydrates and fat because they are very active and still developing whereas the adults will only need a much smaller amount of these nutrients because of their lifestyle and also because they have finished developing.

Bibliography
Kids health: http://kidshealth.org/kid/stay_healthy/food/fat.html

Bibliography: Kids health: http://kidshealth.org/kid/stay_healthy/food/fat.html