The Effect of Catharanthus roseus (Kumintang) Leaf Extract on the Arthritis Score and Blood Vessel Density in Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 and Carrageenan-induced Arthritis in Rats
The Effect of Catharanthus roseus (Kumintang) Leaf Extract on the Arthritis Score and Blood Vessel Density in
Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 and Carrageenan-induced Arthritis in Rats
Rachelle Zolla S. Ciudadano
Jan Jessica I. Rosit
Abe Nicole Patrick B. Salvador
Syaza Farrah Samanodi
Charlene Monica Sandoval
Nessa Grace S. Sarona
Cherie Anne V. Songcaya
Francris C. Talon
Cherrie A. Tapia
Herminigilda Nartatez, M.D.
Ma. Eva C. San Juan, MS Pharm, MS Biomed, FPGEC
Melinda C. Tagle, M.D.
Genevieve D. Tupas, MD, DPPS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic multisystemic disease of unknown etiology. The hallmark of the disease is the synovial inflammation that causes cartilage damage and bony erosions, resulting in changes in joint integrity (Creighton University, 2005).
It usually occurs during the most productive years of adulthood, between the ages of 20 and 40, and is a chronic disabling condition often causing pain and deformity. The prevalence varies between 0.3% and 1% and is more common in women (World Health Organization [WHO], 2011). According to Union Chimique Belge [UCB] (2008), a global biopharmaceutical company, people living with RA are at a higher risk of developing other conditions, including heart disease, stroke and depression. The productivity of patients afflicted with RA is significantly reduced, with studies showing that RA patients were confined to a wheelchair or bedridden 10-15 years after the onset of the disease.
In the Philippines, it is considered to be one of the leading causes of significant debility apart from asthma and cancer and about four times as many women as men have this disease. The prevalence is currently estimated to be approximately 0.06 percent according to the National Nutrition & Health Survey (NNHeS) and is expected to increase to 0.07 percent by 2012 (Frost and Sullivan, 2009).
The pathogenesis of RA have histological features of infiltration and
Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 and Carrageenan-induced Arthritis in Rats
Rachelle Zolla S. Ciudadano
Jan Jessica I. Rosit
Abe Nicole Patrick B. Salvador
Syaza Farrah Samanodi
Charlene Monica Sandoval
Nessa Grace S. Sarona
Cherie Anne V. Songcaya
Francris C. Talon
Cherrie A. Tapia
Herminigilda Nartatez, M.D.
Ma. Eva C. San Juan, MS Pharm, MS Biomed, FPGEC
Melinda C. Tagle, M.D.
Genevieve D. Tupas, MD, DPPS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic multisystemic disease of unknown etiology. The hallmark of the disease is the synovial inflammation that causes cartilage damage and bony erosions, resulting in changes in joint integrity (Creighton University, 2005).
It usually occurs during the most productive years of adulthood, between the ages of 20 and 40, and is a chronic disabling condition often causing pain and deformity. The prevalence varies between 0.3% and 1% and is more common in women (World Health Organization [WHO], 2011). According to Union Chimique Belge [UCB] (2008), a global biopharmaceutical company, people living with RA are at a higher risk of developing other conditions, including heart disease, stroke and depression. The productivity of patients afflicted with RA is significantly reduced, with studies showing that RA patients were confined to a wheelchair or bedridden 10-15 years after the onset of the disease.
In the Philippines, it is considered to be one of the leading causes of significant debility apart from asthma and cancer and about four times as many women as men have this disease. The prevalence is currently estimated to be approximately 0.06 percent according to the National Nutrition & Health Survey (NNHeS) and is expected to increase to 0.07 percent by 2012 (Frost and Sullivan, 2009).
The pathogenesis of RA have histological features of infiltration and
References: Adekomi, D. A. (2010). Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) Enhances Kidney and Liver Functions in Wistar Rats. International Journal of Biomedical and Health Sciences . Afuwape, A. O., Kiriakidis, S., & Paleolog, E. M. (2002). The role of the angiogenic molecule VEGF in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Histology and Histopathology , 961-972. Ashraf, S., Mapp, P. I., & Walsh, D. A. (2010). Angiogenesis and the persistence of inflammation in a rat model of proliferative synovitis. Arthritis & Rheumatism , 1890-1898. Ashraf, S., Mapp, P. I., & Walsh, D. A. (2011). Contributions of angiogenesis to inflammation, joint damage, and pain in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism , 2700-2710. Asia Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology. (2011). About Rheumatoid Arthritis. Retrieved September 2011, from Asia Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology. Aslam, J., Khan, S., Siddiqui, Z., Fatima, Z., Maqsood, M., Bhat, M., et al. (2010). Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. AN IMPORTANT DRUG: IT’S APPLICATIONS AND PRODUCTION. Pharmacie Globale: International Journal of Comprehensive Pharmacy , 0976-8157. Auerbach, R. (2003). Angiogenesis Assays: A Critical Overview. Clinical Chemistry , 32-40. Bendele, A Brand, D. D., Kang, A. H., & Rosloniec, E. F. (2004). The Mouse Model of Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Autoimmunity: Methods in Molecular Medicine , 295-312. Clavel, G., & Boissier, M.-C. (2008). Angiogenesis Markers in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Future Rheumatology , 153-159. Coligan, J., Kruisbeek, A., Margulies, D., Shevach, E., & Strober, W. (1996). Adjuvant Arthritis in the Rat. Current Protocols in Immunology . Creighton University. (2005). Rheumatoid Arthritis. Retrieved October 2011, from Creighton University: http://altmed.creighton.edu/FishOil/rheumatoidoverview.htm Department of Agriculture, Philippines Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. (2005). Drugs and Drug Action. Retrieved 2011, from Britannica CD: http://www.uv.es/EBRIT/macro/macro_5001_85_7.html Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Frost and Sullivan. (2009, April 1). Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapeutics in Philippines. Retrieved August 10, 2011, from Frost and Sullivan: http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/press-release.pag?Src=RSS&docid=165360079 Hill Green Hilliquin, P., Natour, J., Aissa, J., Guinot, P., Laoussadi, S., Benveniste, J., et al. (1995). Treatment of carrageenan induced arthritis by the platelet activating factor antagonist BN 50730. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases , 140-143. Hisiger, S., & Jolicoeur, M. (2007). Analysis of Catharanthus roseus alkaloids by HPLC. Phytochemistry Reviews , 207-234. James, S. A., Bilbiss, L., & Muhammad, B. Y. (2007). The Effects of Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don 1838 Aqueous Leaf Extract on some liver enzymes, serum proteins, and vital organs. Science World Journal , 5-9. Jones, K. W., & Patel, S. R. (2000). A Family Physician 's Guide to Monitoring Methotrexate. American Family Physician . Maroutti, N., Cantatore, F. P., Crivellato, E., Vacca, A., & Ribatti, D. (2006). Angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Histology and Histopathology , 557-566. Matsumoto, A. K., Bathon, J., & Bingham III, C. O. (2010). Rheumatoid Athritis Treatment. Retrieved September 2011, from The John Hopkins Arthritis Center: http://www.hopkins-arthritis.org/arthritis-info/rheumatoid-arthritis/rheum_treat.html OECD Paleolog, E. M. (2002). Angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Research and Therapy , 81-90. Patil, K. S., K, B. L., P, J., Shukla, V., & Manvi, F. (2010). Plant Products Potential as Anti-angiogenic and in Cancer Management. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy , 339-349. Pereira, D. M., Fariaa, J., Gaspara, L., Ferreresb, F., Valentãoa, P., Sottomayorc, M., et al. (2010). Exploiting Catharanthus roseus roots: Source of antioxidants. Food Chemistry , 56-61. Ross, I. A. (2003). Medicinal plants of the world. New Jersey: Human Press. RxList. (2009, January 13). Vinblastine Sulfate. Retrieved November 8, 2011, from RxList: The Internet Drug Index: http://www.rxlist.com/vinblastine_sulfate-drug.htm Schmelzer, G Shukla, A. K., Shasany, A. K., Gupta, M. M., & Khanuja, S. P. (2006). Transcriptome analysis in Catharanthus roseus leaves and roots for comparative terpenoid indole alkaloid profiles. Journal of Experimental Botany , 3921-3932. Stupack, D. G., Storgard, C. M., & Cheresh, D. A. (1999). A role of angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research , 573-581. Szekanecz, Z., Besenyei, T., Szentpétery, Á., & Koch, A. E. (2010). Angiogenesis and vasculogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Current Opinion in Rheumatology: , 299–306. The Laboratory Mouse and the Laboratory Rat. (2010). Retrieved September 2011, from DocStoc: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/24387444/THE-LABORATORY-MOUSE-AND-THE-LABORATORY-RAT UCB Pharma Walsh, D. A., Rodway, H. A., & Claxson, A. (1998). Vascular turnover during carrageenan synovitis in the rat. Academic Rheumatology , 1513-21. Wang, S., Zheng, Z., Weng, Y., Yu, Y., Zhang, D., Fan, W., et al. (2004). Angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis activity of Chinese medicinal herbal extracts. Retrieved from aseanbiodiversity: http://www.aseanbiodiversity.info/Abstract/51000272.pdf. World Health Organization. (2011). Chronic Rheumatic Conditions. Retrieved August 10, 2011, from World Health Organization: http://www.who.int/chp/topics/rheumatic/en/ Yarnell, E