CHEMISTRY PROJECT WORK SESSION -2013-2014 ROLL NO- CLASS-XII ‘A’ SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO ROHIT LAKHERA Mrs. ANITA BISHT CERTIFICATE This is hereby to certify that‚ the original and genuine investigation work has been carried out to investigate about the subject matter and related data collection
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9/22/2011 Basic Chemistry Why are we studying chemistry? • Biology has chemistry at its foundation Elements • All matter composed of basic substances called elements • Living organisms require about twenty of the known elements Together‚ carbon‚ hydrogen‚ nitrogen and oxygen make up 95% of the elements found in the body. Atoms • All elements made of tiny particles called atoms • Made up of: – Nucleus • contains protons (+ charge) and neutrons (no charge) – Outside
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References: 1. Skoog‚ D. A.; Holler‚ F. J.; Crouch‚ S. R. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. Sixth Edition‚ Thomson Brooks/Cole‚ USA‚ 2007. 2. Krugers‚ J. Instrumentation in Gas Chromatography. Centrex Publishing Company-Eindhoven‚ Netherlands‚ 1968. 3. Hubschmann‚ H. Handbook of GC/MS: Fundamentals and Applications. Wiley-VCH Verlag‚ Germany‚ 2001. 4. Scott‚ R. P. W. Chromatographic Detectors:
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atoms can rotate and vibrate with respect to each other. These vibrations and rotations also have discrete energy levels‚ which can be considered as being packed on top of each electronic level. UV/Vis spectroscopy is routinely used in analytical chemistry for thequantitative determination of different analytes‚ such as transition metal ions‚ highly conjugated organic compounds‚ and biological macromolecules. Spectroscopic analysis is commonly carried out in solutions but solids and gases may also
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substance‚ we choose to use the substance metaphor to describe it. We’ll use three principles to guide us in the development of the energy concept. 1. Energy can be viewed as a substance-like quantity that can be stored in a physical system. 2. Energy can “flow” or be “transferred” from one system to another and so cause changes. 3. Energy maintains its identity after being transferred. If you are unsure what we mean by the use of a substance metaphor‚ consider how we describe information
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Chemistry Review (mid-term) 1. Use the equation for atomic mass to answer the following questions. (http://johnheilchem10.escuelacampoalegre.wikispaces.net/file/view/average+atomic+mass+calculations+-+3.pdf) 1. Argon has three naturally occurring isotopes: argon-36‚ argon-38‚ and argon-40. Based on argon’sreported atomic mass‚ which isotope do you think is the most abundant in nature? Explain. 2. Copper is made of two isotopes. Copper-63 is 69.17% abundant and it has a mass of 62.9296 amu.
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Vocab: 2.1 Mass: Measure of amount of matter in an object Volume: Measure of space occupied by object Extensive property: property that depends on amount of matter in a sample i.e.: mass and volume Intensive property: Property that depends on the type of matter in a sample(not amount) i.e.: type of basketball (leather; inside‚ rubber; outside) Substance: Matter that has a uniform and definite composition Physical property: Quality or condition of a substance that can be observed without
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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level 5070/31 CHEMISTRY Paper 3 Practical Test October/November 2010 CONFIDENTIAL INSTRUCTIONS *4711088250* Great care should be taken to ensure that any confidential information given does not reach the candidates either directly or indirectly. The Supervisor’s attention is drawn to the form on page 7 which must be completed and returned with the scripts. If you have any problems
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Chemistry Ozone Depletion Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related phenomena observed since the late 1970s: a steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of ozone in Earth’s stratosphere (the ozone layer)‚ and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earth’s polar regions. The latter phenomenon is referred to as theozone hole. In addition to these well-known stratospheric phenomena‚ there are also springtime polartropospheric ozone depletion events. The
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BF3 B F F SF4 F Molecule Electron diagram F S F F Cl PCl5 Cl Cl P Cl Cl SF6 F F F S F F F 2 The following table summarizes the relationship between the arrangement of electron pairs around the central atom of a molecule or polyatomic ion and the shape of the species. Total number of electron pairs* in the outermost shell of the central atom of a molecule or polyatomic ion 2 linear Arrangement of electron pairs* Shape of the molecule or polyatomic ion Example(s) B
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