CARBON CARBON MULTIPLE BOND PRESENTED BY: WASIQUE AZHAR MSC CHEM (2 SEM) Some basic concept Electrophile : a species with a region of positive or partial positive charge electron-poor Nucleophile: a species with a region of negative or partial negative charge electron-rich TO LERN OBJECTIVE : Elecrophilic Addition to carbon-carbon double bond Stereochemistry of Elecrophilic addition reaction Hydrogenation of double and triple bond Nucleophilic Addition to carbon-carbon double
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element and called it ’helium’. Helium was discovered on Earth eventually (1895) and showed the same 587.6 nm line. Today‚ we know that helium is the second most abundant element in the Universe. We also know today that the most abundant element is hydrogen. However‚ this fact was not obvious at first. Many years of both observational and theoretical works culminated in 1925‚ when Cecilia Payne published her PhD thesis entitled ’Stellar Atmospheres’. (Footnote: this was the first ever PhD awarded at
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Solubility Rules Chart Negative Ions (Anions) + Positive Ions (Cations) = Solubility of Compounds in water Example any anion + Alkali Ions (Li+‚ Na+‚ K+‚ Rb+‚ Cs+‚ Fr+) = soluble Sodium fluoride‚ NaF‚ is soluble any anion + hydrogen ion [H+ (aq)] = soluble hydrogen chloride‚ HCl‚ is soluble any anion + ammonium ion (NH4) = soluble ammonium chloride‚ NH4Cl‚ is soluble nitrate NO3- + any cation = soluble potassium nitrate‚ KNO3‚ is soluble acetate (CH3COO-) + any cation (except Ag) = soluble
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of precipitation is named acid rain is because it has a high acidity according to the pH scale. The pH scale is a system of measurement to measure “the amount of acid in a liquid-like water.” Acids release hydrogen ions‚ and the acid content of a solution is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions and therefore shown as pH (Acid Rain Encyclopedia Britannica 2005). The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 with 0 being the maximum acidity and 14 being maximum alkalinity. A pH of 7 is considered to be neutral
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ALCOHOLS‚ ETHERS‚ AND PHENOLS Juris Marie G. Garcia Institute of Chemistry‚ University of the Philippines‚ Diliman‚ Quezon City Date Performed: February 27‚ 2015 Date Submitted: March 06‚ 2015 Answers to Questions: 1.) Balanced equations: A. Lucas Test Test Sample Equation Ethyl Alcohol C2H5OH + HCl + ZnCl2 C2H5Cl + H2O Isopropyl Alcohol (CH3) 2CHOH + HCl (CH3) 2CHCl + ZnC2 + H2O Tert-butyl Alcohol (CH3) 3COH + HCl + ZnCl2 (CH3) 3CCl + ZnCl2 +H2O Benzyl Alcohol C6H5CH2OH + HCl + ZnCl2
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Alum Synthesis: The Chemical Process of Recycling Aluminum Introduction By recycling aluminum cans‚ the costs and energy savings are dramatically more resourceful and efficient than producing aluminum from what it is naturally found in‚ bauxite ore. The process of recycling aluminum to produce potassium aluminum sulfate‚ a common alum‚ will be done through a serious of chemical reactions. Through this reaction‚ percent yield will be determined. Materials and Methods The mass of a 250 mL
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change when one substance is broken down into two or more products. These products can be any combination of elements and compounds. It’s usually difficult to predict the products of decomposition reactions. The electrolysis of water into oxygen and hydrogen gas is an example of a decomposition reaction. Double-replacement reaction is a chemical change involving the exchange of ions between two compounds. These reactions usually take place between two ionic compounds in water solutions and are
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investigation into the origin of life. Miller took molecules which were believed to represent the major components of the early Earth’s atmosphere and put them into a closed system The gases they used were methane (CH4)‚ ammonia (NH3)‚ hydrogen (H2)‚ and water (H2O). Next‚ he ran a continuous electric current through the system‚ to simulate lightning storms believed to be common on the early earth. Analysis of the experiment was done by chromotography. At the end of one week‚ Miller observed
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PressReleasePing International Community Awards Patents for Green Energy Breakthough A breakthrough in green energy power production has been awarded patents by the international community for a ’game-changing’ power technology. International Community Awards Patents for Converting Air Ions into Electricity Dated: June 9th‚ 2014 Green Energy Breakthrough: ATLANTA‚ GA‚ June 09‚ 2014 /PressReleasePing/ -- The United States‚ Canada‚ China‚ Japan and Russia have awarded international patents
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hydrochloric acid slowly and observe the reaction. Next‚ place a burning splint near the mouth of the test tube to test for the presence of hydrogen gas. 4. Electrolysis of water Use a U-tube with electrodes at each end‚ connected to a battery. Fill the U-tube with water. Turning on the battery‚ observe the results at each electrode. Next‚ test for hydrogen and oxygen gas produced at each end of the tube. 5. Burning magnesium Place magnesium ribbon in a clean crucible (on a clay triangle
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